KEPADA PUAN NOREMY

SAYA MENGUCAPKAN RIBUAN TERIMA KASIH TERUTAMANYA KEPADA PENSYARAH SAYA PUAN NOREMY BINTI CHE AZEMI YANG MENGAJAR KAMI (DTK5 S1)DENGAN PENUH SEMANGAT SUPAYA KAMI BERJAYA DALAM MATAPELAJARAN YANG PUAN AJAR & DAPAT MEMANFAATKAN ILMU YANG PUAN BERI KEPADA SAYA.SAYA MEMOHOM MAAF KALAU SAYA MEMBUAT PUAN TERASA DENGAN KELAKUAN SAYA SEPANJANG PN. MENGAJAR KELAS DTK 5 S1.
“IKHLAS DARI SANI”
WALAUPUN PUAN MARAH2 KAMI TETAP HARGAI SETIAP APE YANG DIAJAR OLEH PUAN NOREMY....
SETIAP TEGURAN PN.AKAN SY JADIKAN INGATAN SAMPAI BILA-BILA...
SETIAP KEJAYAAN PERLU DIIRINGI DENGAN KEBERKATAN..SY HARAP PN HALALKAN SMUA ILMU YG PUAN AJAR...... BIARPUN SY X SEBIJAK PELAJAR LAIN YG CEMERLANG..TAPI SY HARAP APE YG SAYA ADA SMUANYA BERKAT....
SEGALA ILMU YANG SAYA PEROLEH DARI PUAN NOREMY SAYA AKAN AMBIL SEBAGAI SATU PEGAJARAN YANG PALING BERHARGA....
SAYA AMAT BERTERIMA KASIH PADA PUAN....
KAMI AKAN SENTIASA MEMDOAKAN PUAN....
SEMOGA PN DAPAT ANAK YG COMEL DAN CERDIK TAUN DEPAN....
AMIN......:)

esok kuiz siskom......

mlm ni study smart da....ku harap dpt jwb esok............tawakal...tp aku akn mencuba sdaya upaya aku....

sedih.....:(

risau dgn pencapaian aku.............kdg2 sedih gak.....SISKOM aku teruk...........aku da cuba study hard.......tekan modul siskom........tp x pandai2 jgk......da 2 kali aku g pjbt nAK jmpe pn noremy....tp die xde.........ntah ape aku nak ckp.......aku da malu sgt ngan puan.....mlm ni study maut lg.............tlg hamba mu ini ya ALLAH..........

WIFI-->By SANI

Wi-Fi (pronounced /ˈwaɪfaɪ/) is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance that manufacturers may use to brand certified products that belong to a class of wireless local area network (WLAN) devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. Because of the close relationship with its underlying standard, the term Wi-Fi is often used as a synonym for IEEE 802.11 technology.[1][2]



The Wi-Fi Alliance, a global association of companies, promotes WLAN technology and certifies products if they conform to certain standards of interoperability. Not every IEEE 802.11-compliant device is submitted for certification to the Wi-Fi Alliance, sometimes because of costs associated with the certification process. The lack of the Wi-Fi logo does not necessarily imply a device is incompatible with Wi-Fi devices.



As of 2010[update] an IEEE 802.11 device is installed in many personal computers, video game consoles, smartphones, printers, and other peripherals, and virtually all laptop or palm-sized computers.



Internet access



A roof-mounted Wi-Fi antennaA Wi-Fi enabled device such as a personal computer, video game console, mobile phone, MP3 player or personal digital assistant can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more (interconnected) access points — called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a few rooms or as large as many square miles. Coverage in the larger area may depend on a group of access points with overlapping coverage. Wi-Fi technology has been used in wireless mesh networks, for example, in London.



In addition to private use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can provide public access at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free-of-charge or to subscribers to various commercial services. Organizations and businesses - such as those running airports, hotels and restaurants - often provide free-use hotspots to attract or assist clients. Enthusiasts or authorities who wish to provide services or even to promote business in selected areas sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access. As of 2008[update] more than 300 metropolitan-wide Wi-Fi (Muni-Fi) projects had started.[4] As of May 2008[update] the Czech Republic had 879 Wi-Fi based Wireless Internet service providers.



Routers that incorporate a digital subscriber line modem or a cable modem and a Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and other premises, can provide Internet-access and internetworking to all devices connected (wirelessly or by cable) to them. One can also connect Wi-Fi devices in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections without a router. Wi-Fi also enables places that would traditionally not have network access to connect, for example bathrooms, kitchens and garden sheds.



City-wide Wi-Fi



In the early 2000s, many cities around the world announced plans for city-wide Wi-Fi networks. This proved to be much more difficult than their promoters initially envisioned with the result that most of these projects were either canceled or placed on indefinite hold. A few were successful, for example in 2005, Sunnyvale, California became the first city in the United States to offer city-wide free Wi-Fi.



Campus-wide Wi-Fi



Carnegie Mellon University built the first wireless Internet network in the world at their Pittsburgh campus in 1994,long before Wi-Fi branding originated in 1999.



Direct computer-to-computer communications



Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without the involvement of an access point. This is called[by whom?] the ad-hoc mode of Wi-Fi transmission. This wireless ad-hoc network mode has proven popular with multiplayer handheld game consoles, such as the Nintendo DS, digital cameras, and other consumer electronics devices.



Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes a pending specification called Wi-Fi Direct for file transfers and media sharing through a new discovery- and security-methodology



Future directions



As of 2010[update] Wi-Fi technology has spread widely within business and industrial sites. In business environments, just like other environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access-points provides network redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice-applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward "thin" access-points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access-points to the role of mere "dumb" radios. Outdoor applications may utilize true mesh topologies. As of 2007 Wi-Fi installations can provide a secure computer networking gateway, firewall, DHCP server, intrusion detection system, and other functions



History

Wi-Fi uses both single-carrier direct-sequence spread spectrum radio-technology (part of the larger family of spread spectrum systems) and multi-carrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) radio technology. The deregulation of certain radio-frequencies[by whom?] for unlicensed spread spectrum deployment enabled the development of Wi-Fi products, Wi-Fi's onetime competitor HomeRF, Bluetooth, and many other products such as some types of cordless telephones.



In the US, the FCC first made unlicensed spread spectrum available in rules adopted on May 9, 1985.[11] Many other countries later copied or adapted these FCC regulations, enabling use of this technology in all major countries.[citation needed] The FCC action was proposed by Michael Marcus of the FCC staff in 1980 and the subsequent regulatory action took 5 more years. It was part of a broader proposal to allow civil use of spread spectrum technology and was opposed at the time by mainstream equipment manufacturers and many radio system operators.[12]



Wi-Fi technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission that released several bands of the radio spectrum for unlicensed use.[13] In 1991 NCR Corporation/AT&T (later Lucent Technologies and Agere Systems) invented the precursor to the common Wi-Fi system in Nieuwegein, the Netherlands. The inventors initially intended to use the technology for cashier systems; the first wireless products were brought on the market under the name WaveLAN with speeds of 1 Mbit/s to 2 Mbit/s. Vic Hayes, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years and has been named[by whom?] the "father of Wi-Fi" was involved in designing standards such as IEEE 802.11b, and 802.11a.



Key portions of the IEEE 802.11 technology underlying Wi-Fi (in its a, g, and n varieties) were determined[by whom?] to be infringing on U.S. Patent 5,487,069, which was filed in 1993[14] by the CSIRO, an Australian research body. The patent became the subject of protracted and ongoing legal battles between CSIRO and major IT corporations. In 2009, the CSIRO settled with 14 companies, including Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Dell, Toshiba, ASUS, Microsoft and Nintendo, under confidential terms. The revenue arising from these settlements to October 2009 is approximately AU$200 million.[15][16][17][18][19][20]



Europe leads overall in uptake of wireless-phone technology,[citation needed] but the US leads in Wi-Fi systems partly because they lead in laptop usage. As of July 2005, there were at least 68,643 Wi-Fi locations worldwide, a majority in the US, then the UK and Germany. The US and Western Europe have about 80% of the worldwide Wi-Fi users. Plans are underway[by whom?] in areas of the US to provide public Wi-Fi coverage as a public free service. Even with these large numbers and more expansion, the extent of actual Wi-Fi usage is lower than expected. Jupiter Research found that only 15% of people have used Wi-Fi and only 6% in a public place



Wi-Fi certification



Wi-Fi technology builds on IEEE 802.11 standards. The IEEE develops and publishes these standards, but does not test equipment for compliance with them. The non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance formed in 1999 to fill this void — to establish and enforce standards for interoperability and backward compatibility, and to promote wireless local-area-network technology. As of 2009[update] the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 300 companies from around the world.[22][23] Manufacturers with membership in the Wi-Fi Alliance, whose products pass the certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo.



Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, the WPA and WPA2 security standards, and the EAP authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction with cellular-phone technology in converged devices, and features relating to security set-up, multimedia, and power-saving



The Wi-Fi name

The term Wi-Fi suggests Wireless Fidelity, resembling the long-established audio-equipment classification term high fidelity (in use since the 1930s[25]) or Hi-Fi (used since 1950[26]). Even the Wi-Fi Alliance itself has often used the phrase Wireless Fidelity in its press releases[27][28] and documents;[29][30] the term also appears in a white paper on Wi-Fi from ITAA.[31] However, based on Phil Belanger's[32] statement, the term Wi-Fi was never supposed to mean anything at all.[33][34]



The term Wi-Fi, first used commercially in August 1999,[35] was coined by a brand-consulting firm called Interbrand Corporation that the Alliance had hired to determine a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'".[36][33][34] Belanger also stated that Interbrand invented Wi-Fi as a play on words with Hi-Fi, and also created the yin-yang-style Wi-Fi logo. The term "Wireless Fidelity" was used[by whom?] later[when?] as an explanation of what "Wi-Fi" means.



The Wi-Fi Alliance initially used an advertising slogan for Wi-Fi, "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity",[33] but later removed the phrase from their marketing. Despite this, some documents from the Alliance dated 2003 and 2004 still contain the term Wireless Fidelity.[29][30] There was no official statement related to the dropping of the term.

BURUNG